![]() Anything before the, picks out the observations you want to see, anything after the, picks out variables. If you have a dataset, you need to include a comma ( ,) between the. If you have a vector, something like c(1,2,5,7) or 5:10, using name.of.the.vector returns the 5th element in the vector. This takes parameters with parameter names the variable names you want, and parameter values the vectors of values for each variable. : creates a sequence of values: 4:8 is the same as c(4,5,6,7,8).ĭata.frame creates a dataset. c(2,5) contains the numbers 2 and 5, c("ggplot2", "knitr") contains the two strings "ggplot2" and "knitr". In either of these cases, your new value needs to have as many values as there are observations in the dataset.Ĭ combines any elements together into a vector: a sequence of things of the same kind. By assigning to a variable that is not contained in a dataset, you create a new variable and fill it with that data. upper.95.rule = mean(data$variable) + 2*sd(data$variable)īy assigning a value to an existing variable in a dataset, you change the data in that variable. This saves it for further use, and lets you refer to this thing without recomputing it every time. Name = value you put a name to a thing (dataset, number, string. To use a column in a dataset, instead of the entire dataset, you use $ to pull out the column: data$variable All the text that follows a # character is ignored by R. You can add explaining text inside a code block or in a script file by using #. Install.packages: Ensure library packages are installed. Make sure you use the right one when you get errors. Important note: Everything in R cares about UPPER/lower case. RMarkdown doesn't care about which numbers you use, it will assume you want your list to go from 1 to however many items you list. You can create numbered lists using numbers followed by. You can create bulleted lists by, after two newlines, starting each line with a * or a - followed by a space, so that: * This is aīy adding spaces in front, you can make sublists: * outer list Similarly, you use the letter r enclosed in curly braces at the beginning of a separated code block: You mark an inline code block by adding the letter r after the backtick, producing something like This inserts a random number in a sequence of text `r rnorm(1)`. This block continues until you end it with another line with three backticks ```.īoth the inline and the separated code blocks can be marked as R code and by doing that let RStudio know you want it to run the code in the code block and insert the results when done knitting. You can either put a code block inline in a sequence of text, by using ` to surround the code you are writing, so you could talk about eg commands like sd while writing text about it.Īlternatively, if you start with a line with a sequence of three backticks ```, this starts a separated code block. Code is formatted using a fixed-width font and keeps all the spaces where they were, leaving the internal structure of the code where it is. Using the backtick ` character (top left on the keyboard, not the ' character to the right!) you can mark text to be code and not normal text. Once for italic and twice for bold: *This is italic* and **this is bold** To emphasize parts of the text you can surround the text you emphasize by * characters. To get a heading, such as you would use to start a chapter or a section, you either use the # symbol at the front of the line: once for the largest heading, repeatedly to get smaller headings: # First level headingĪlternatively, you can underline the heading text in the text using - or =: Another heading You break your text up into paragraphs by using two newlines after one another. Anything you don't specifically mark as something different is taken to be plain and unadorned text. The basic content of an RMarkdown document is text. Staying in R Markdown means everything matches up with the data by default. R Markdown lets you weave in computations and graphs with the text you write: if you use other systems you will need to save out figures to import them, and copy-and-paste the values you compute. The RStudio cheat sheets is an excellent source of summaries of everything important.įor our course, special interest should be paid to the cheat sheets for First in any script you write, load the libraries we use for easier data handling and plotting.
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